Mazhab nahi sikhata aapas mein bair rakhna,
Hindvi hain hum, watan hai Hindostan hamara.
Yunan-o-Misr-o-Roma sab mit gaye jahan se,
Ab tak magar hai baaqi naam-o-nishan hamara.
Kuch baat hai ki hasti mitti nahi hamari,
Sadiyon raha hai dushman daur-e-zaman hamara.
•Muhammad allama iqbal
ᴬᵍᵃʳ ᶠiʳᵈᵃᵘˢ ᵇᵃʳ ʳᵒᵒ ᵉ ᶻᵃᵐᵉᵉⁿ ᵃˢᵗ ᴴᵃᵐᵉᵉⁿ ᵃˢᵗ ᵒ ʰᵃᵐᵉᵉⁿ ᵃˢᵗ ᵒ ʰᵃᵐᵉᵉⁿ ᵃˢᵗ أجار فردوس بار رو زامين أست حامين أست-أو هامين أست-أو هامين أست. धरती पर अगर कहीं स्वर्ग है, तो यहीं है, यहीं है, यही हैं
• Amir khusro
Planning –Planning is the process of deciding in advance what should be done, how it should be done, and how resources should be used to achieve development goals.
Sustainable Development –
Sustainable development means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Development + Environmental protection + Future generations
Q. What do you think? Is India achieving sustainable development?
In Indian context - who creates planning
NITI Aayog –
NITI Aayog → National Institution for Transforming India
Established
Established on 1 January 2015.
Replaced the Planning Commission.
Main Objective
To promote sustainable and inclusive development.
To involve States in economic policy-making.
To provide strategic and technical advice to Central and State Governments.
Major Functions
•Policy formulation and strategic planning.
•Promotes cooperative federalism between Centre and States.
•Encourages competitive federalism among States.
•Monitors and evaluates development programmes.
•Promotes innovation and entrepreneurship.
•Provides technical and policy support to governments.
Important Feature
•NITI Aayog = Think Tank of the Government of India
•Difference from Planning Commission
•Planning Commission → Centralised planning
•NITI Aayog → Cooperative & participatory planning
Structure
•Chairperson:
Prime Minister of India
Q. What is the NITI Aayog Chairperson’s view on the Hasdeo protests and forest diversion?
•Governing Council:
Chief Ministers of States and Lt. Governors/Administrators of Union Territories
•Vice-Chairperson:
Appointed by the Prime Minister
Also includes full-time members and ex-officio members.
Approaches to Planning
Planning → Two main approaches:
-
Sectoral Planning
- Focuses on the development of specific sectors of the economy.
- Includes:
- Agriculture
- Irrigation
- Manufacturing
- Power
- Construction
- Transport & Communication
- Social infrastructure & services
-
Regional Planning
- Economic development is not uniform across space.
- Some regions are more developed, while others lag behind.
- Aims to reduce regional imbalances in development.
- Gives importance to the spatial perspective while preparing plans.
Sectoral Planning → Development of different sectors
Regional Planning → Reduction of regional disparitiesd
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. How many main approaches to planning are mentioned in the passage?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
Answer: B. Two
2. Which type of planning focuses on the development of different sectors of the economy?
A. Regional planning
B. Urban planning
C. Sectoral planning
D. Rural planning
Answer: C. Sectoral planning
3. Which of the following is an example of sectoral planning?
A. Agriculture
B. Regional balance
C. Spatial perspective
D. Regional disparity
Answer: A. Agriculture
4. What is the main objective of regional planning?
A. Increase only industrial production
B. Develop only agriculture
C. Reduce regional imbalances in development
D. Increase population
Answer: C. Reduce regional imbalances in development
Target Area Planning
Focuses on economically backward areas.
Development depends on resources, technology, and investment.
Introduced to reduce regional and social disparities.
Uses target area and target group approaches.
Important programmes include:
•Command Area Development Programme
•Drought Prone Area Development Programme
•Desert Development Programme
•Hill Area Development Programme
•SFDA and MFDA programmes
The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) and the Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFALDA) (often referred to as MFDA) were targeted rural development programs launched by the Government of India in 1971–1972 during the Fourth Five-Year Plan
The 8th Five Year Plan emphasized infrastructure development in hill, tribal, backward, and northern states.
Q. In India, Which Five Year Plan is currently going on ?
•The 12th Five Year Plan (2012–2017) was the last one.
•After 2017, the Five Year Plan system was discontinued and planning is guided through NITI Aayog and other long-term strategies.
•The First Five-Year Plan started in 1951.
Hill Area Development Programme
(fig-1)
•Hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present Uttarakhand)
•Mikir Hills of Assam
•North Cachar Hills of Assam
•Darjeeling Hills of West Bengal
•Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu
HADP was initiated during the Fifth Five-Year Plan.(1974–1979)
It covered 15 districts in the hilly regions.
Aim- overall development of backward hill areas.
Development plans were prepared according to the topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions of each hill area.
Major emphasis was given to:
•Agriculture and horticulture
•Development of indigenous resources
•Infrastructure development
•Ecological balance and sustainable development
Q. Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)
Introduction
The Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) was initiated during the Fourth Five-Year Plan.
It was started for the development of areas frequently affected by drought.
Main Objectives
•To provide employment opportunities to people living in drought-prone areas.
•To create productive assets.
•To reduce the adverse effects of drought and improve rural livelihoods.
Initial Focus
•Initially, the programme emphasized:
•Construction of labour-intensive civil works.
Later Development Strategy
Later, the programme gave importance to:
Irrigation projects,
Land development,
Afforestation
Grassland development
Development of basic rural infrastructure, such as:
Electricity
Roads
Markets
Credit facilities-Loan, crop insurance, etc
Other essential services
Ecological Approach
•The programme focuses on the restoration of ecological balance.
•Increasing population pressure causes the use of marginal lands for agriculture, leading to ecological degradation.
•Therefore, alternative employment opportunities are needed in drought-prone areas.
Important Development Strategy
Adoption of an integrated watershed development approach at the micro-level.
Micro level Examples -
•Village-level water harvesting – building check dams, farm ponds, and small tanks to store rainwater.
•Contour bunding – making small embankments along the slope to reduce soil erosion and conserve water.
•Afforestation – planting trees on degraded hills and wastelands.
•Rainwater harvesting – collecting and storing rainwater in individual farms or village ponds.
•Improved irrigation – using drip or sprinkler irrigation to reduce water wastage.
•Gully control – constructing small structures across gullies to slow down runoff.
•Community pasture development – improving common grazing land to prevent land degradation.
•Crop diversification – growing crops suited to local soil and water conditions.
Restoration of balance between:
Soil
Plants
Human population
Animal population
Identification of Drought-Prone Areas
The Planning Commission (1967) identified 67 districts, wholly or partly, as drought-prone.
The Irrigation Commission (1972) used 30% irrigated area as a criterion/criteria /model for identifying drought-prone areas.
Major Drought-Prone Regions (fig-2)
Drought-prone areas are broadly found in:
•Semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan
•Gujarat
•Western Madhya Pradesh
•Marathwada region of Maharashtra
•Rayalaseema and Telangana plateau of •Andhra Pradesh
•Karnataka plateau and highlands
•Interior parts of Tamil Nadu
Areas Relatively Protected
Parts of Punjab, Haryana and north Rajasthan are relatively protected from drought due to the spread of irrigation.
Conclusion
DPAP aims at reducing drought vulnerability through employment generation, land and water development, infrastructure, ecological restoration, and watershed management.
Case Study: Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region –
About Bharmaur
•Bharmaur tribal area includes Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh.
•It was declared a notified tribal area in November 1975.
•Bharmaur is mainly inhabited by the Gaddi tribe.
•Gaddis traditionally practise transhumance (seasonal movement of people and livestock).
Q. Listen to the song “Maye Ni Meriye (Chamba Kitni Door)” by Mohit Chauhan and write your own views. Would you like to visit Chamba, Himachal Pradesh? If yes, why?
Problems of the Region
Harsh climatic conditions ❓
Low resource base✅
Fragile environment✅
Geographical and political isolation✅
Socio-economic deprivation✅
Low population density: about 39 persons per sq km (2011 Census)✅
Development Programme ⭐
•Tribal development started in the 1970s.
•Under the Fifth Five-Year Plan, a tribal sub-plan was introduced in 1974.
•Bharmaur was selected as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs) in Himachal Pradesh.
•The main aim was to improve the quality of life of the Gaddi tribal community.
Main Economic Activities
Sheep and goat rearing
Terrace farming
Traditional agricultural activities
Infrastructure
Many people benefited from infrastructural development.
However, remote villages in Tundah and Kugti still lack sufficient infrastructure.
Social Development
Literacy rate increased significantly.
Sex ratio improved.
Child marriage declined.
Female literacy increased from 1.88% (1971) to 65% (2011).
Gender inequality in literacy decreased.
Economic Changes
•Traditionally, the Gaddis had a subsistence agricultural-cum-pastoral economy.
•Main activities were foodgrain cultivation and livestock rearing.
•Later, cultivation of pulses and cash crops increased.
•Agriculture still mainly uses traditional technology.
Changes in Pastoralism
•Importance of pastoralism has declined.
•Only about one-tenth of households now practise transhumance.
•Many Gaddis migrate to Kangra and nearby areas during winter for wage labour.
One-line summary
Bharmaur ITDP was introduced to reduce the geographical and socio-economic backwardness of the Gaddi tribal region and improve their quality of life through planned tribal development.
Sustainable Development —
1. Meaning of Development
Development refers to:
•The state of a particular society, and
•The process of changes experienced by that society.
Development always +ve
Growth can be +ve or -ve
Throughout human history, development has been largely influenced by the interaction between human society and the bio-physical environment.
Human–environment interaction depends upon:
1.Level of technology
2. Institutions developed by society.
Eg-
•Scientific and research institutions -ISRO, DRDO, CSIR, ICMR, ICAR, IISc
•Legal institutions -courts and legal systems protect rights and provide
justice.
•Healthcare institutions -hospitals and health centres protect and improve
health.
•Economic institutions banks, markets and businesses support employment and income.
•Political institutions – Parliament, elections and local governments enable participation and decision-making.
•Religious and cultural institutions - preserve values, traditions and cultural identity.
•NGOs and voluntary organisations - work for social welfare and community development
Technology and institutions increase human interaction with the environment.
This interaction, in turn, accelerates:
Technological progress
Social transformation
Creation of new institutions.
Therefore, development is a multi-dimensional concept involving positive and irreversible transformation of:
Economy
Society
Environment
2.Evolution of the Concept of Development
Post–World War II
•Development was mainly considered synonymous with economic growth.
•Economic growth was measured through:
Increase in Gross National Product (GNP)
Per capita income
Per capita consumption
Problems with Economic Growth
Even countries with high economic growth experienced a rise in poverty.
Main reason: unequal distribution of economic benefits.
Thus, economic growth alone was not sufficient to ensure development.
- India’s education system should be strengthened and improved.
- Indian politics and administration need to become more transparent, accountable, and efficient.
- Most importantly, civic sense/ among citizens must be improved.
Civic Sense = नागरिक बोध / नागरिक जिम्मेदारी
सरल हिंदी में: समाज और सार्वजनिक स्थानों के प्रति जिम्मेदारी, अनुशासन और दूसरों के अधिकारों का सम्मान करने की भावना।
1970s — Growth with Equity (growth+equal status of people in society)
The concept of development expanded.
New ideas included:
Redistribution with growth
Growth with equity
Development could no longer be restricted to the economic sphere.
It also included:
Redistribution
Equity
People's well-being
Better standard of living
Access to health
Access to education
Equality of opportunities
Political and civil rights
1980s
Development came to mean wide-ranging improvement in:
Social well-being
Material well-being
Thus, development became a broader and more comprehensive concept.
3. Emergence of Sustainable Development
The idea of sustainable development emerged with increasing awareness of environmental issues during the late 1960s in the Western world.
People became concerned about the undesirable effects of industrial development on the environment.
Two important publications increased environmental concern:
Important Publications
1. The Population Bomb
By Ehrlich
Published in 1968
2. The Limits to Growth
By Meadows and others
Published in 1972
These publications increased concern among:
Environmentalists
People in general
This created the background for the eme hurgence of new models of development, broadly described as sustainable development.
4. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
Growing worldwide concern about environmental issues led the United Nations to establish:24 October 1945
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
•It was headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the Norwegian Prime Minister.
•The Commission published its report in 1987.
Brundtland Report
•Report name: Our Common Future
•Also known as the Brundtland Report.
•It provided the widely accepted definition of sustainable development.
•Definition
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
5. Main Features of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development gives importance to three major dimensions:
🌱 Ecological
•Protects the environment and ecological systems.
•Development should not cause unacceptable environmental damage.
👥 Social
Promotes:
Human well-being
Better living standards
Health
Education
Equality and opportunities
💰 Economic
Encourages economic development and improvement in living standards.
Economic progress should be compatible with social and environmental needs.
One-line conclusion
Sustainable development aims to balance economic, social and ecological needs while ensuring that future generations can meet their own needs.
Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area —
In 1925, Maharaja Ganga Singh ji started the construction of this canal by spending ₹125 crore from his own treasury
1. Basic Facts
Earlier name: Rajasthan Canal.
Project conceived: 1948 by Kanwar Sain.
Work started: 31 March 1958.
Origin: Harike Barrage, Punjab.
Runs roughly parallel to the Pakistan border through the Thar Desert.
Total planned length: 9,060 km.
Cultivable Command Area (CCA): 19.63 lakh hectares.
About 70% of the command area was planned to be irrigated by flow system and the rest by lift system(eg-water pump).
2. Two Stages
Stage I
Covers Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and northern Bikaner.
Culturable command area: 5.53 lakh ha.
Irrigation introduced in early 1960s.
Stage II
Covers Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu.
Culturable command area: 14.10 lakh ha.
Irrigation began in mid-1980s.
Mainly desert land with shifting sand dunes.
3. Importance / Positive Effects
Increased soil moisture and agricultural production.
Expanded cultivated area and cropping intensity.
Traditional crops like gram, bajra and guar increasingly replaced by wheat, cotton, groundnut and rice.
Increased agricultural and livestock productivity.
Afforestation and pasture development helped improve the environment.
Reduced wind erosion and siltation.
Improved the ecology and economy of the region.
4. Problems / Negative Effects [important]
Waterlogging due to excessive irrigation.
Soil salinity.
Excessive use of water has created twin environmental problems: waterlogging + soil salinity.
These problems may reduce the long-term sustainability of agriculture.
5. CAD Programme
Command Area Development (CAD) programmes include:
Lining of water courses
Land development
Levelling
Warabandi system (equal distribution of irrigation water)
⭐ Exam Line
Indira Gandhi Canal transformed the desert economy and agriculture, but excessive irrigation has also caused waterlogging and soil salinity.
HOME 🏡 WORK ✍🏼🎒📝📚
Q. Do you think Deogarh district should get railway connectivity or not? Please share your opinion on the following projects:
- Jharsuguda–Barkote New Line Project (160 km)
- Talcher–Bimalagarh New Line Project (approximately 150 km)
1. If the railway line is constructed, what will be its positive and negative impacts?
2. If the railway line is not constructed, what will be its positive and negative impacts?
Comments
Post a Comment